YOUTHS WITH ACHIEVABLE VISIONS TOWARD MDGs

Thursday, March 15, 2018

AFRICA KILLS HER SUN-KEN SARO WIWA


Dear Zole,
You’ll be surprised, no doubt, to receive this letter. But I couldn’t leave your beautiful world without saying goodbye to you who are condemned to live in it. I know that some might consider my gesture somewhat pathetic, as my colleagues, Sazan and Jimba, do, our finest moments having been achieved two or three weeks ago. However, for me, this letter is a celebration, a final act of love, a quality which, in spite of my career, in spite of tomorrow morning, I do not possess in abundance, and cherish. For, I’ve always treasured the many moments of pleasure we spent together in our youth when the world was new and the fishes flew in golden ponds. In the love we then shared have I found happiness, a true resting place, a shelter from the many storms that have buffeted my brief life. Whenever I’ve been most alone, whenever I’ve been torn by conflict and pain, I’ve turned to that love for the resolution which has sustained and seen me through. This may surprise you, considering that this love was never consummated and that you may possibly have forgotten me, not having seem me these ten years gone. I still remember you, have always remembered you, and it’s logical that on the night before tomorrow, I should write you to ask a small favor of you. But more important, the knowledge that I have unburdened myself to you will make tomorrow morning’s events as pleasant and desirable to me as to the thousands of spectators who will witness it.

I know this will get to you because the prison guard’s been heavily bribed to deliver it. He should rightly be with us before the firing squad tomorrow. But he’s condemned, like most others, to live, to play out his assigned role in your hell of a world. I see him burning out his dull, uncomprehending life, doing his menial job for a pittance and a bribe for the next so many years. I pity his ignorance and cannot envy his complacency. Tomorrow morning, with this letter and our bribe in his pocket, he’ll call us out, Sazan, Jimba and I. As usual, he’ll have all our names mixed up: he always calls Sazan ‘Sajim’ and Jimba ‘Samba’. But that won’t matter. We’ll obey him, and as we walk to our death, we’ll laugh at his gaucherie, his plain stupidity. As we laugh at the other thief, the High Court Judge.

You must’ve seen that in the papers too. We saw it thanks to our bribe-taking friend, the prison guard, who sent us a copy of the newspaper in which it was reported. Were it not for the unfeeling nation, among a people inured to evil and taking sadistic pleasure in the loss of life, some questions might have been asked. No doubt, many will ask the questions, but they will do it in the safety and comfort of their homes, over the interminable bottles of beer, uncomprehendingly watching their boring, cheap, television programmes, the rejects of Europe and America, imported to fill their vacuity. They will salve their conscience with more bottles of beer, wash the answers down their gullets and pass questions, conscience and answers out to waste into their open sewers choking with concentrated filth and murk. And they will forget.

I bet, though, the High Court Judge himself will never forget. He must remember it the rest of his life. Because I watched him closely that first morning. And I can’t describe the shock and disbelief which I saw registered in his face. His spectacles fell to his table and it was with difficulty he regained his composure. It must have been the first time in all his experience that he found persons arraigned on a charge for which the punishment upon conviction is death, entering a plea of guilty and demanding that they be sentenced and shot without further delay.

Sazan, Jimba and I had rehearsed it carefully. During the months we’d been remanded in prison custody while the prosecutors prepared their case, we’d agreed we weren’t going to allow a long trial, or any possibility that they might impose differing sentences upon us: freeing one, sentencing another to life imprisonment and the third to death by firing squad.

Nor did we want the lawyers in their funny black funeral robes an opportunity to clown around, making arguments for pleasure, engaging in worthless casuistry. No. We voted for death. After all, we were armed robbers, bandits. We knew it. We didn’t want to give the law a chance to prove itself the proverbial ass. We were being honest to ourselves, to our vocation, to our country and to mankind.
‘Sentence us to death immediately and send us before the firing squad without further delay,’ we yelled in unison. The judge, after he had recovered from his initial shock, asked us to be taken away that day, ‘for disturbing my court’. I suppose he wanted to see if we’d sleep things over and change our plea. We didn’t. When they brought us back the next day, we said the same thing in louder voice. We said we had robbed and killed. We were guilty. Cool. The judge was bound hand and foot and did what he had to. We had forced him to be honest with his vocation, to the laws of the country and to the course if justice. It was no mean achievement. The court hall was stunned; our guards were utterly amazed as we walked out the court, smiling. ‘Hardened criminals.’ ‘Bandits,’ I heard them say as we trooped out of the court. One spectator actually spat at us as we walked into the waiting Black Maria!

And now that I’ve confessed to banditry, you’ll ask why I did it. I’ll answer that question by retelling the story of the young, beautiful prostitute I met in St Pauli in Hamburg when our ship berthed there years back. I’ve told my friends the story several times. I did ask her, after the event, why she was in that place. She replied that some girls chose to be secretaries in offices, others to be nurses. She had chosen prostitution as a career. Cool. I was struck by her condour. And she set me thinking. Was I in the Merchant Navy by choice or it was because it was the first job that presented itself to me when I left school? When we returned home, I skipped ship, thanks to the prostitute of St Pauli, and took a situation as a clerk in the Ministry of Defence.

It was there that I came face-to-face with the open looting of the national treasury, the manner of which I cannot describe without arousing in myself the deepest, basest emotions. Everyone was busy with it and there was no one to complain to. Everyone to whom I complained said to me: ‘if you can’t beat them, join them.’ I was not about to join anyone; I wanted to beat them and took it upon myself to wage a war against them. In no time they had gotten rid of me. Dismissed me. I had no option but to join them then. I had to make a choice. I became an armed robber, a bandit. It was my choice, my answer. And I don’t regret it.

Did I know it was dangerous? Some girls are secretaries, others choose to be prostitutes. Some men choose to be soldiers and policemen, others doctors and lawyers; I chose to be a robber. Every occupation has its hazards. A taxi driver may meet his death on the road; a businessman may die in an air crash; a robber dies before a firing squad. It’s no big deal. If you ask me, the death I’ve chosen is possibly more dramatic, more qualitative, more eloquent than dying in bed of a ruptured liver from overindulgence in alcohol. Yes? But robbery is antisocial, you say? A proven determination to break the law. I don’t want to provide an alibi. But you just think of the many men and women who are busy breaking or bending the law in all coasts and climes. Look for a copy of The Guardian of 19 September. That is the edition in which our plea to the judge was reported. You’ll find there the story of the Government official who stole over seven million naira. Seven million. Cool. He was antisocial, right? How many of his type do you know? And how many more go undetected? I say, if my avocation was antisocial, I’m in good company. And that company consists of Presidents of countries, transnational organizations, public servants high and low, men and women. The only difference is that while I am prepared to pay the price for it all, the others are not. See?

I am not asking for your understanding or sympathy. I need neither, not now nor hereafter. I’m saying it as it is. Right? Cool. I expect you’ll say that armed robbery should be a special preserve for the scum of society. That no man of my education has any business being a bandit. To that I’ll answer that it’s about time well-endowed and well-trained people took to it. They will bring to the profession a romantic quality, a proficiency which will ultimately conduce to the benefit of society. No, I’m not mad. Truly. Time was when the running of ruining of African nations was in the hands of half-literate politicians. Today, well-endowed and better-trained people have taken over the task. And look how well they are doing it. So that even upon that score, my conscience sleeps easy. Understand?
Talking about sleep, you should see Sazan and Jimba on the cold, hard prison floor, snoring away as if life itself depends on a good snore. It’s impossible, seeing them this way, to believe that they’ll be facing the firing squad tomorrow. They’re men of courage. Worthy lieutenants. It’s a pity their abilities will be lost to society forever, come tomorrow morning. Sazan would have made a good Army General any day, possibly a President of our country in the mould of Idi Amin or Bokassa. The Europeans and Americans would have found in him a useful ally in the progressive degradation of Africa. Jimba’d have made an excellent Inspector-General of Police, so versed is he in the ways of the Police! You know, of course, that Sazan is a dismissed Sergent of our nation’s proud army. And Jimba was once a Corporal in the Police Force. When we met, we had similar reasons for pooling our talents. And a great team we did make. Now here we all are in the death cell of a maximum security prison and they snore away the last hours of their lives on the cold, smelly floor. It’s exhilarating to find them so disdainful of life. Their style is the stuff of which history is made. In another time and in another country, they’d be Sir Francis Drake, Courtes or Sir Walter Raleigh. They’d have made empires and earned national honours. But here, our life is one big disaster, an endless tragedy. Heroism is not in our star. We are millipedes crawling on the floor of a dank, wet forest. So Sazan and Jimba will die unsung. See?

One thing, though. We swore never to kill. And we never did. Indeed, we didn’t take part in the particular ‘operation’ for which we are held, Sazan, Jimba and I. The operation would’ve gone quite well of the Superintendent of Police had fulfilled his part of the bargain. Because he was in it with us. The Police are involved in every single robbery that happens. They know the entire gang, the gangs. We’d not succeed if we didn’t collaborate with them. Sazan, Jimba and I were the bosses. We didn’t go out on ‘operations’. The boys normally did. And they were out on that occasion. The Superintendent of Police was supposed to keep away the Police escorts from the vehicle carrying the worker’s salaries that day. For some reason, he failed to do so. And the policeman shot at our boys. The boys responded and shot and killed him and the Security Company guards. The boys got the money all right. But the killing was contrary to our agreement with the Police. We had to pay. The Police won’t stand for any of their men being killed. They took all the money from us and then they went after the boys. We said no. The boys had acted on orders. We volunteered to take their place. The Police took us in and made a lot of public noises about it. The boys, I know, will make their decisions later. I don’t know what will happen to the Superintendent of Police. But he’ll have to look to himself. So, if that is any comfort to you, you may rest in the knowledge that I spilt no blood. No, I wouldn’t. Nor have I kept the loot. Somehow, whatever we took from people – the rich ones – always was shared by the gang, who were almost always on the bread line. Sazan, Jimba and I are not wealthy.

Many will therefore accuse us of recklessness, or of being careless with our lives. And well they might. I think I speak for my sleeping comrades when I say we went into our career because we didn’t see any basic difference between what we were doing and what most others are doing throughout the land today. In every facet of our lives – in politics, in commerce and in the professions – robbery is the base line. And it’s been so from time. In the early days, our forebears sold their kinsmen into slavery for minor items such as beads, mirrors, alcohol and tobacco. These days, the tune is the same, only articles have changed into cars, transistor radios and bank accounts. Nothing else has changed, and nothing will change in the foreseeable future. But that’s the problem of those who will live beyond tomorrow, Zole.

The cock crows now and I know dawn is about to break. I’m not speaking figuratively. In the cell here, the darkness is still all-pervasive, except for the flickering light of the candle by which I write. Sazan and Jimba remain fast asleep. So is the prison guard. He sleeps all night and is no trouble to us. We could, if we wanted, escape from here, so lax are the guards. But we consider that unnecessary, as what is going to happen later this morning is welcome relief from burdens too heavy to bear. It’s the guard and you the living who are in prison, the ultimate prison from which you cannot escape because you do not know that you are incarcerated. Your happiness is the happiness of ignorance and your ignorance is it that keeps you in the prison, which is your life. As this night dissolves into day, Sazan, Jimba and I shall be free. Sazan and Jimba will have left nothing behind. I shall leave at least this letter, which, please, keep for posterity.
Zole, do I rant? Do I pour out myself to you in bitter tones? Do not lay it to the fact that I’m about to be shot by the firing squad. On second thoughts, you could, you know. After all, seeing death so clearly before me might possibly have made me more perspicacious? And yet I’ve always seen these things clearly in my mind’s eye. I never did speak about them, never discussed them. I prefer to let them weigh me down, see?

So, then, in a few hours we shall be called out. We shall clamber with others into the miserable lorry which they still call the Black Maria. Notice how everything miserable is associated with us. Black sheep. Black Maria. Black Death. Black Leg. The Black Hole of Calcutta. The Black Maria will take us to the beach or to the stadium. I bet it will be the Stadium. I prefer the Beach. So at least to see the ocean once more. For I’ve still this fond regard for the sea which dates from my time in the Merchant Navy. I love its wide expanse, its anonymity, its strength, its unfathomable depth. And maybe after shooting us, they might decide to throw our bodies into the ocean. We’d then be eaten up by sharks which would be in turn caught by Japanese and Russian fishermen, be refrigerated, packed into cartons and sold to Indian merchants and then for a handsome profit to our people. That way, I’d have helped keep people alive a bit longer. But they won’t do us that favor. I’m sure they will take us to the Stadium. To provide a true spectacle for the fun-loving un-employed. To keep them out of trouble. To keep them from thinking. To keep them laughing. And dancing.
We’ll be there in the dirty clothes which we now wear. We’ve not had any of our things washed this past month. They will tie us to the stakes, as though that were necessary. For even if we were minded to escape, where’d we run to? I expect they’ll also want to blindfold us. Sazan and Jimba have said they’ll not allow themselves to be blindfolded. I agree with them. I should want to see my executors, stare the nozzles of their guns bravely in the face, see the open sky, the sun, daylight. See and hear my countrymen as they cheer us to our death. To liberation and freedom.
The Stadium will fill to capacity. And many will not find a place. They will climb trees and hang about the balconies of surrounding houses to get a clear view of us. To enjoy the free show. Cool.
And then the priest will come to us, either to pray or to ask if we have any last wishes. Sazan says he will ask for a cigarette. I’m sure they’ll give it to him. I can see him puffing hard at it before the bullet cut him down. He says he’s going to enjoy that cigarette more than anything he’s had in life. Jimba says he’ll maintain a sullen silence as a mark of his contempt. I’m going to yell at the priest. I will say, ‘Go to hell, you hypocrite, fornicator and adulterer.’ I will yell at the top of my voice in the hope that the spectators will hear me. How I wish there is a microphone that will reverberate through the Stadium, nay, through the country as a whole! Then the laugh would be on the priest and those who sent him!

The priest will pray for our souls. But it’s not us he should be praying for. He should pray for the living, for those whose lives are a daily torment. Between his prayers and when the shots ring out, there will be dead silence. The silence of the graveyard. The transition between life and death. And it shall be seen that the distinction between them both is narrow as the neck of a calabash. The divide between us breathing like everyone else in the Stadium and us as meat for worms is, oh, so slim, it makes life a walking death! But I should be glad to be rid of the world, of a meaningless existence that grows more dreary by the day. I should miss Sazan and Jimba, though. It’ll be a shame to see these elegant gentlemen cut down and destroyed. And I’ll miss you, too, my dear girl. But that will be of no consequence to the spectators.

They will troop out of the Stadium, clamber down trees and the balconies of the houses, as though they’d just returned from another football match. They will match to their ratholes on empty stomachs, with tales enough to fill a Saturday evening. Miserable wretches!
The men who shall have eased us out of life will then untie our bodies and dump them into a lorry and thence to some open general grave. That must be a most distasteful task. I’d not do it for a million dollars. Yet some miserable fellows will do it for a miserable salary at the end of the month. A salary which they will augment with a bribe, if they are to keep body and soul together. I say, I do feel sorry for them. See?

The newspapers will faithfully record the fact of our shooting. If they have space, they’ll probably carry a photograph of us to garnish your breakfast.

I remember once long ago reading in a newspaper of a man whose one request to the priest was that he be buried along with his walking stick – his faithful companion over the years. He was pictured slumping in death, devotedly clutching his beloved walking stick. True friendship, that. Well, Zole, if ever you see such a photograph of me, make a cutting. Give it to a sculptor and ask him to make a stone sculpture of me as I appear in the photograph. He must make as faithful a representation of me as possible. I must be hard of feature and relentless in aspect. I have a small sum of money in the bank and have already instructed the bank to pay it to you for the purpose of the sculpture I have spoken about…

Time is running out, Zole. Sazan and Jimba are awake now. And they’re surprised I haven’t slept all night. Sazan says I ought at least to have done myself a favor of sound sleep on my last night on earth. I ask him if I’m not going to sleep soundly, eternally, in a few hours? This, I argue, should be our most wakeful night. Sazan doesn’t appreciate that. Nor does Jimba. They stand up, yawn, stretch and rub their eyes. Then they sit down crowding round me. They ask me to read out to them what I’ve written. I can’t do that, I tell them. It’s a love letter! And at the point of death! Sazan says I’m gone crazy. Jimba says he’s sure I’m afraid of death and looks hard and long at me to justify his suspicion. I say I’m neither crazy nor afraid of death. I’m just telling my childhood girlfriend how I feel this special night. And sending her on an important errand. Jimba says I never told them I had a girlfriend. I say that she was not important before this moment.

I haven’t even seen her in ten years, I repeat. The really compelling need to write her is that on this very special night I have felt the need to be close to a living being, someone who can relate to others why we did what we did in and out of court.

Sazan says he agrees completely with me. He says that he too would like to write his thoughts down. Do I have some paper to lend him? I say no. Besides, time is up. Day has dawned and I haven’t even finished my letter. Do they mind leaving me to myself for a few minutes? I’d very much like to end the letter, envelope it and pass it on to the prison guard before he rouses himself fully from sleep and remembers to assume his official, harsh role.

They’re nice chaps, are Jimba and Sazan. Sazan says to tell my girl not to bear any children because it’s pointless bringing new life into the harsh life of her world. Jimba says to ask my girl to shed him a tear if she can so honor a complete stranger. They both chuckle and withdraw to a corner of the cell and I’m left alone to end my letter.

Now, I was telling you about my statue. My corpse will not be available to you. You will make a grave for me nonetheless. And place the statue on the gravestone. And now I come to what I consider the most important part of this letter. My epitaph.

I have thought about it, you know. Really. What do you say about a robber shot in a stadium before a cheering crowd? That he was a good man who strayed? That he deserved his end? That he was a scallywag? A ragamuffin? A murderer whose punishment was not heavy enough? ‘Here lies X, who was shot in public by firing squad for robbing a van and shooting the guards in broad daylight. He serves as an example to all thieves and would-be thieves!’

Who’d care for such an epitaph? They’d probably think it was a joke. No. That wouldn’t carry. I’ll settle for something different. Something plain and commonsensical. Or something truly cryptic and worthy of a man shot by choice in public by firing squad.

Not that I care. To die the way I’m going to die in the next hour or two is really nothing to worry about. I’m in excellent company. I should find myself recorded in the annals of our history. A history of violence, of murder, of disregard for life. Pleasure in inflicting pain – sadism. Is that the word for it? It’s a world I should be pleased to leave. But not without an epitaph.
I recall, many years ago as a young child, reading in a newspaper of an African leader who stood on the grave of a dead lieutenant and through his tears said: ‘Africa kills her sons.’ I don’t know what he meant by that, and though I’ve thought about it long enough, I’ve not been able to unravel the full mystery of those words. Now, today, this moment, they come flooding back to me. And I want to borrow from him. I’d like you to put this on my gravestone as an epitaph: ‘Africa Kills Her Sun.’ A good epitaph, eh? Cryptic. Definite. A stroke of genius, I should say. I’m sure you’ll agree with me. ‘Africa Kills Her Sun!’ That’s why she’d been described as the Dark Continent? Yes?
So, now, dear girl, I’m done. My heart is light as the daylight which seeps stealthily into our dark cell. I hear the prison guard jangle his keys, put them into the keyhole. Soon he’ll turn it and call us out. Our time is up. My time expires and I must send you all my love. Goodbye.

Yours forever,
Bana

Wednesday, March 21, 2012

PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN


AN INVESTIGATION INTO DURABILITY, WEATHERING AND SOME STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF NATURAL CORAL BUIDING STONES.

BY: PAUL OCHIENG ODERA

SUPERVISOR: S.K MUTUA



Abstract
Natural coral stone is used as a building material for coastal settlements throughout the Indian Ocean, Arabian/ Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. It remains a favored building material along the coastal region because of its functional and decorative characteristics despite the lack of standards and specifications for the building stones. In this study, two different samples of coral stones have been obtained from the South Coast (SC) and the North Coast quarries (NC) of the Kenya’s coastal region. An investigation into their durability, weathering and strength (compressive and tensile) properties have been done through laboratory tests that have been carried out in accordance with the Kenya standard for tests on natural building stones obtained from the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) headquarters, Nairobi-Kenya.
The weathering test has been done in cycles using the gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) salt attack on the stones and the results have been reported in terms of the percentage increase in absorption and percentage increase in volume of the samples. The attack has been found to be more pronounced in the SC samples than the NC samples. Similarly the durability test has been carried out as sodium sulphate soundness (SSS) test for 5 cycles and the results has been reported in a percentage change in mass. The NC samples have been found to be sounder than SC samples since the latter samples experienced larger mass reduction than former samples because of the more effect of sodium sulphate (NaSO4.10H2O) crystallization on the SC samples than the NC samples.
The strength tests have been performed in both dry and saturated conditions and from the test results, the dry condition compressive, flexural and tensile strengths have been found to be higher than saturated condition strengths. Eventually, the NC samples gave higher strengths in both condition and have been found to stronger than SC samples. These values have been found to compare favorably with the specified values of the most commonly used natural building stone in the region-Limestone and tuff. The coral stone has therefore been recommended for use as supplementary low cost building material in the coastal region.



Dedication
This project is dedicated to my mother Rosa A. Odera. Your inspiration, support, guidance, encouragement and prayers have been very important as I pursued this course.
Thank you.



Acknowledgement
I am grateful to the Almighty God for His steadfast love, grace and mercy that have enabled me to reach this far and to carry out this study.
I would like to sincerely appreciate my project supervisor Mr. S.K Mutua. His able guidance, financial support and indispensable advice has enabled me reach this far.
Furthermore, I would like to give thanks to my brother Patroba A. Odera for his incredible financial and moral support. The sacrifice shown is highly appreciated. I also appreciate the help his wife Wilkyster has given me. I am also grateful to my fiancée Vivian for her undying encouragement and support. You helped me reach this far.
Finally, I wish to thank my friend Nick Amito, Mr. J. Kitu of Ministry of Roads’ Materials Laboratory and all the laboratory technicians in the University Nairobi’s concrete laboratory for their necessary support, and all those who have helped me in finalizing this project.
Thank you.

Monday, June 27, 2011

ODERA PAUL: my current work place

ODERA PAUL: my current work place: "in the comfort of my wonderful chair in a very decent office along the serene ngong'road, doing structural work like no one's business ..."
 

WORK EXPERIENCES

in the comfort of my wonderful chair in a very decent office along the serene ngong'road, doing structural work like no one's business





have a look at this slab sample of details
www.hajar.co.ke

Wednesday, October 13, 2010

MEET THE CHALLENGER, MEET ODERA PAUL- GEARED FOR REAL TRANSFORMATION


TRANSFORMATION MOMENT FOR OUR CONTINENT-KENYA'S MOVE TO TRANSFORMATION
HELLO YOUTHS,
it's our real time for real action!
Let us try the impossibles , it is true we might find no competition and get more pleasure in doing what they say we can not -----------------------------------------------------------------WELCOME!

Monday, March 29, 2010

ODERA PAUL THE SONU ORGANIZING SEC. 2010/11 NOW CHAMPIONING FOR YES VOTES FROM THE STUDENTS FRATERNITY



Hello fellows,
It is during adversity when one can really make a big difference. But making a difference is not about being a big hero. It is simply about leaving the bathroom a little cleaner going out, than when you came in.Right people are needed in leadership.
This is a humble call from the students fraternity of the great Higher institutions of learning to soberly have the right sense of reasoning and give way to this transformation that has come our way as the youths in a holistic manner with no exasperation nor hype as we know change starts with us and is until we change our mindset that we will experience the real transformation for our generation.
I therefore fully and harmoniously express my interest in ensuring achievement to what the comrades have been yearning for by looking into it that proper organization is put in order to deliver the trans-formative constitution.
Comrades your vote count and please without fear of doubt Prov. 29 will guide us to get what we want.While knowledge talks wisdom listen,and if we criticize our generation we will forget who raised it and the only time we run out of chances is when we stop taking them-the chance is here with us comrades to prove our worth bcoz "One does what one is; One becomes what one does.Hosea 4:6-lets not perish because we lack knowledge, we've got it and the mandate is with us----------------------------------------KATIBA SASA, CHANGE NOW AND IF NOT NOW THEN RIGHT NOW!
God Bless you abudantly

HELLO COMRADES,
Procastination will finish our Generation and this is the real time for transformation we have been yearning for. On 4th August I welcome all of you to this wonderful move and vote in the new proposed constitutionas a tool and vessel of incredible and intensive change for our generation.
KATIBA FOR CHANGE

STUDENTS FOR YES PRESS STATEMENT

We the executive committee of the Students for Yes (SFY) consortium are here today to express our stand on the proposed constitution. SFY consortium is an umbrella group of like minded student leaders from various Tertiary colleges and Universities in Kenya who have taken an initiative to read, scrutinize and analyze the draft hence informed enough to support it upon conviction. We are saying YES to the draft because it not only recognizes our sovereignty as citizens of this nation as indicated in chapter 1 article 1 of the same draft, but also provide for us (the youths) a platform for development and self actualization. This is expressed in the noble article 55 of the same draft which states that:-“The government shall take measures including affirmative action, to ensure that the youths:
a) Have access to relevant education and training
b) Have access to employment
c) Are protected from harmful cultural practices and exploitation
Article 40(5) of the same draft enshrines that the state shall support, promote and protect the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya
Article 237(1) provides for the establishment of the TSC which shall:
a) Review the standards of education and training of persons entering the teaching profession
b) Advice the national government on matters related to the teaching profession
These among others are serious issues that touch our livelihoods as students and the students to come, we are therefore grateful that we have been accommodated in this transformative draft and our interests looked into.
As students and youths of this nation for that matter, it is time we take control and move this country to higher levels of prosperity and development and development as dreamt of by the founding fathers of this Great land……name them.
Africa has complained for along time about poor leadership and we as youths of Kenya, we are saying enough is enough to the plethora issues of corruption and nepotism, the culture of impunity, inequality in distribution of resources and the mongrel traits of our current constitution.
Mc Gregor talked about leaders who instill purpose in people and raise the led to higher levels of morality and understanding and indeed this is what we need for Kenya to have a new face as provided for in the draft constitution. We therefore call upon the church to pray for the will of God in this nation and should therefore stop condemning the country and instead instill morality to our people and urge for the right sense of reasoning.
We are driven by this golden thought to propel our support for this draft of which we intend to executive by organizing debates in all our higher learning institutions, students’ walks for YES to enable students and youths vote from an informed grounding full of knowledge.
To conclude, we are appealing to all Kenyans to cling to their mother’s milk of democracy and pass this draft constitution come the referendum time because this is an extra ordinary time which calls on all of us to put the interest of our beloved country forward as was done by the leadership of this country to rescue us from a repeat of the 2007-2008 post poll turmoil. The constitution is yours, the constitution is mine and the constitution is for the Kenyan citizens.

Thank you all and may God Bless our country KENYA.

Monday, April 6, 2009

NEWS FLASH

A Citizen’s Perspective On The Harmonised Draft Constitution Of Kenya – Securing Human, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Are The Only Basis For The Establishment of A State And A Constitution To Govern It.

Kenya is a Sovereign Republic: The Harmonized Draft Constitution has described Kenya as a Sovereign Republic which is founded on Principles of Good Governance through Multi party democracy, participatory governance, transparency and accountability, separation and devolution of powers, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the Rule of Law.

The purpose of establishing a State and a Constitution: To secure the basic human, economic, social and cultural rights is the purpose of establishing a State and a Constitution. The Constitution declares the Rights of the Individuals and groups and makes the state responsible for guaranteeing those rights. These Rights can be found in the Bill of Rights in Chapter 5 of the current Constitution and in Chapter 6 of the harmonised draft Constitution. The Bill of Rights is not merely an integral part of Kenya’s democratic State; it is the fundamental basis for the establishment of the State. In other words, apart from our securing our Rights as Citizens, there is no other purpose or reason to create a State or a Constitution.

Rights are inalienable and possessed by Kenyans: The purpose of the recognition and protection of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms in the Constitution is because these rights are inalienable and possessed by all Kenyans without regard to their social status, origin or persuasion. The State is therefore required by Kenyan citizens to use all State resources and Institutions to enhance these Rights and the State is prohibited from using its resources and Institutions to curtail these Rights as guaranteed to Kenyans. Rather, all resources owned by the State belong to Kenyans and are to be used for the benefit of Kenyan Citizens in protecting their rights.

All Kenyans are born equal: Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of Kenyans Citizens are given by God, and not by the State. Kenyans have Human Rights because Kenyans are human beings. All these rights are recognised by the entire world and restate that all human beings are born equal. Kenyans through their Government have signed and ratified International Human Rights, Civil and political Liberties, social economic and cultural rights conventions and these international laws are applicable in Kenya. Therefore the State does not give these Rights and cannot legally or lawfully take them away. Our Constitution is supposed to restate these Rights and protect them at all times.

All sovereign power in Kenya belongs to the Citizens of Kenya: All sovereign power in Kenya belongs to the Citizens of Kenya. Citizens exercise this power through the Constitution of the Republic of Kenya. The Constitution is the supreme Law of the Republic that binds all State Organs at all levels of Government and all persons. The Citizens of Kenya may exercise their sovereign power either directly or through their democratically elected representatives, but the sovereign power at all times belongs to the Citizens of Kenya. Everything must be for the good of Kenyan Citizens.

When people live or work together, they agree on how they will run their affairs: Kenya is a defined geographical territory under one government and one set of laws, with its own currency, army, national symbols, system of taxation, etc. It is sovereign – that is, it is politically independent from other states and not subject to outside control. The people who live in Kenya are either citizens of Kenya or citizens of other states legally permitted to live and/or work in Kenya. When people live or work together, they need to agree on how they will run their affairs. In a political state, as well as in some organisations, this agreement takes the form of a CONSTITUTION.

The legislature, the executive and the judiciary: The Kenyan governmentis the machinery through which the state operates. It is made up of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The legislature makes laws, the executive enforces them and the judiciary interprets and applies them. In a democratic society, the purpose of a lawfully elected government is to carry out the people’s will.

In a democracy, citizens share the job of governing their state: A good description of the meaning of democracy is that given by Abraham Lincoln, the US President who abolished slavery in America, in his famous Gettysburg Address, read at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War: ‘a government of the people, by the people, for the people.’ This implies that in a democracy, citizens share the job of governing their state. Some citizens serve in institutions set up by the Constitution and other laws under the Constitution. But these citizens are not special – they only have special duties and responsibilities to the rest of their fellow citizens. Most people know democracy as a form of government in which policy is decided by the favourite choice of the majority, usually by elections or referendum, open to its citizens. And the policy is implemented by the citizens who work in State institutions.

The Goals of a Democratic Society: Democracy dictates that the following goals are achieved in a democratic Society:-

* The greatest possible freedom for all;
* A just society;
* The same rules for all;
* Equality before the law;
* Respect for the rule of law; and
* Equal opportunities for all.

Democracy needs open-mindedness and agreement between the citizens: In a democracy, cooperation by Citizens is needed, because elections divide the population into ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. It is implied that whoever loses, allows the winners to take power peacefully and without argument. Democracy needs open-mindedness and agreement between the citizens, especially when one group is bigger than all the others. In a democracy, such a majority should not ignore the wishes and needs of members of smaller groups or minorities. Minorities include not just ethnic groups but disadvantaged and people with disabilities. At all times Citizens must act in the interest of their fellow Citizens, that way Citizens will guarantee their own interests.

Every citizen shares the responsibility for civic awareness: Democracy involves providing opportunities for all citizens without discrimination, and sometimes it also means helping some people – those disadvantaged by history, physical disability, or by factors that they can not control such as natural disasters. Democracy also asks citizens to do certain things or make sure that certain things are done. For example, every citizen shares the responsibility for civic awareness, democratic care, and working together for the good of the country. This very important particularly now that the Harmonised Draft Constitution is now a public document open for public comment.

Democracy provides a base for honesty, fairness and equality: In a democracy, everyone is equal. Democracy turns away any forms of bias and provides a base for honesty, fairness and equality. Justice is a set of rules that provide each person in humanity with basic rights. These include: Human rights, the rule of law, Economic justice, and Gender fairness.

Rule of Law: The idea of the ‘rule of law’ is based on the idea of government by law. This means that no one is above the law; this basically means that all Kenyans are equal before the law and are subject to it. So no one can be punished unless they have broken the law and have been tried through the proper legal process. So, Leaders have to abide by the law. Any Kenyan who makes choices has to make them according to the say so of the law.

All Kenyans are equal before the law and are subject to it: From the President and the Prime Minister and their deputies to the citizen with no public position: Also, the law should apply to everyone equally without any favouritism on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, political association, colour, disability, social status and other physical or social characteristics.

Economic justice means that Kenyan citizens can get rich legally: Economic justice is the equal sharing, distribution and allocation of socio-economic wealth among all citizens. Economic justice means that Kenyan citizens can get rich legally for the good of the individual and/or for the common good. It requires the state to be fair when allocating public resources for development. Economic justice includes the right to:

* Fair and favourable conditions of work;
* Equal pay for work of equal value;
* The right to form and belong to a trade union;
* The right to go on a strike; and
* The right to enjoy social security.

Citizens give their authority through their elected representatives to be taxed through their income and consumption. The taxes collected by the State are meant to benefit

Fundamental Freedoms and Rights protected by the current Constitution of Kenya:

* The right to life,
* The right to personal freedom,
* Protection against slavery and forced labour,
* Protection from inhuman treatment,
* Protection from property being taken away illegally,
* Protection against illegal search or entry,
* The right to the protection of the law,
* Freedom of conscience,
* Freedom of expression,
* Freedom of association and assembly,
* Freedom of movement, and
* Freedom from discrimination

The Harmonised Draft Constitution restates these rights and adds further categories of rights including political, economic, social and cultural fundamental rights.

Political freedom is the ability to:

* the right to participate in political activity without restriction

* hold your own views and talk about what you think and believe,

* relate and socialize

* Move freely without obstruction.

Economic freedom is:

* the ability to own and use property,

* the chance to work and provide for your living, and

* Freedom from forced labour and slavery.

Social freedom is:

* Treating people fairly,

* Privacy

* No cruel treatment.

These democratic freedoms are found in Chapter 6 “The Bill Of Rights” in the Harmonised Draft Constitution of Kenya.

Nothing in the Constitution can take away any of your Rights: The Bill of Rights is essential reading if citizens wish to understand the Draft Constitution. Nothing in the Constitution can take away any of your Rights. The Constitution creates State Organs and delegates Authority to State organs in order to enhance and protect the Rights of Citizens. Nothing in the Constitution can take Sovereign power away from the Citizens of Kenya. All delegated power is exercised on behalf of the Citizens who elect and choose those who they wish to exercise that power on their behalf.

Constitution is not meant to benefit Politicians at the expense of Citizens: The Constitution is not meant to benefit Politicians at the expense of Citizens. It is therefore important for Citizens to understand the Draft for themselves and not be swayed by Politicians. At the end it is Kenyans who will decide what they want at the referendum. We need a Constitution that will determine how we want to live together as Citizens and how we wish to be governed.

Are we satisfied with what the draft has to say on these views?

Therefore, when reading the Draft, all Citizens must ask the question, “does this provision protect my Rights? Does this provision enhance my Rights?”The test must at all times be whether you the Citizen of Kenya are in charge of your affairs. Has the Draft addressed the views of Kenyans collected by the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission in 2002? Are we satisfied with what the draft has to say on these views? What do you want added or removed from the Draft?

Send your views to the Committee of Experts on Constitutional review at the contacts below:

Delta House, Chiromo road, Westlands, Nairobi Kenya.

P.O Box 8703 – 00200

Telephone: 020 443 214 – 16

Email: info@coekenya.go.ke

www.coekenya.go.ke
Here is a Summary of Kenyan Views on the Constitution and the chapters where these views are reflected in the Harmonised Draft Constitution

(Summary of Kenyan views as reported in September 2002 by the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission)

1. Give us the chance to live a decent life: with our fundamental needs of food, water, clothing, shelter, security and basic education met by our own efforts and the assistance of government

Read Chapter 6 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

2. We want a fair system of access to land for the future and justice for the wrongs of the past

Read Chapter 7 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

3. Let us have more control over the decisions that affect our lives, bring government closer to us – and let us understand better the decisions we can’t make ourselves but which affect us deeply

Read Chapter 14 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

4. We don’t want power concentrated in the hands of one person

Read Chapter 12 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

5. We want our MPs to work hard, respect us and our views – and we want the power to kick them out if they don’t

Read Chapter 11 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

6. We want to be able to choose leaders who have qualities of intelligence, integrity and sensitivity that make them worthy to lead us.

Read Chapter 9 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

Read Chapter 10 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

7. We want an end to corruption

Read Chapter 9 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

8. We want police who respect citizens – so they can be respected by them

Read Chapter 17 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

9. We want women to have equal rights and gender equity

Read Chapter 6 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

10. We want children to have a future worth looking forward to – including orphans and street children

Read Chapter 6 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

11. We want respect and decent treatment for the disabled.

Read Chapter 6 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

12. We want all communities to be respected and free to observe their cultures and beliefs

Read Chapter 5 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

Read Chapter 6 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

13. We assert our rights to hold all sections of our government accountable – and we want honest and accessible institutions to ensure this accountability

Read Chapter 5 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

Read Chapter 9 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

Read Chapter 15 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

Read Chapter 16 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view

Read Chapter 18 of the harmonised draft constitution to see what provisions have been provided by the draft on this view


Down Load the harmonised Draft Constitution here



BUDGET 2009/2010 CREATES A SECRET FUND INVOLVING MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS. WHY WAS PARLIAMENT NOT TOLD ABOUT THIS?

BUDGET 2009/2010 SERIES 001

Buried in the Finance Bill that the Minister of Finance, Uhuru Kenyatta tabled in Parliament last week is a proposal to amend two laws in order to create a fund whose purposes are barely specified. The Fund could be worth over 1 and a half billion shillings per annum, yet total discretion will be given to a parastatal corporation board who will decide how this money will be spent, without external oversight. The parastatal corporation which will be the legal owner of the fund is notorious for corruption and the parent ministry of Transport is behind at least some of the Anglo Leasing scams that cost the Treasury dearly since the mid 1990s.

In a clever side-stepping of Parliament, the law is to be changed to allow this parastatal corporation to borrow using its sink fund as collateral, avoiding the need to satisfy investors’ demands that it charge or mortgage its real assets – a practice specifically prohibited by Kenyan law. Why these legal changes are being done is a mystery as the issue did not feature at all in the 3 hour long Budget Day speech of last week.

If Parliament passes the Finance Bill without amendment it may just authorise the beginning of a series of unaccountable transactions involving potentially hundreds of millions of dollars, as the parastatal corporation has already signed contracts with external financiers for massive infrastructural projects.


The name of the parastatal corporation is…the Kenya Airports Authority

The amendments are to be made to the Kenya Airports Authority Act and the Air Passenger Service Charge Act. Subject to the latter every person who purchases a ticket for an external or internal journey must pay a passenger service tax of (20) twenty United States dollars or the equivalent in specified currency or in Kenya shillings for an external journey; and (100) one hundred shillings for an internal journey.

The amendments’ effect is that henceforth rather than paying taxes into the Consolidated Fund from which it can only be withdrawn as per the National Budget or with Parliamentary approval, the Kenya Revenue Authority shall,after deducting its expenses, pay all Air Passenger Service Tax into the newly created Kenya Airports Authority Fund. The amendments do not create an independent board of Trustees of the Fund, and the management of the Fund is left completely to the existing Management of the Kenya Airports Authority.

Under the amended law, the Kenya Airports Authority will be authorised to pay “out of the Fund any expenditure incurred by the Authority in the exercise of its powers or the performance of its functions under this Act.”

Parliament should consider whether it ought to approve these amendments.



Remarks of Barack Obama in the Grand Hall of Cairo University on June 4, 2009



* Obama’s Message to Turkish Students
* Muslims and the "Real America"
* Obama Holds Student Town Hall in Turkey

I am honored to be in the timeless city of Cairo, and to be hosted by two remarkable institutions. For over a thousand years, Al-Azhar has stood as a beacon of Islamic learning, and for over a century, Cairo University has been a source of Egypt's advancement. Together, you represent the harmony between tradition and progress. I am grateful for your hospitality, and the hospitality of the people of Egypt. I am also proud to carry with me the goodwill of the American people, and a greeting of peace from Muslim communities in my country: assalaamu alaykum.

We meet at a time of tension between the United States and Muslims around the world — tension rooted in historical forces that go beyond any current policy debate. The relationship between Islam and the West includes centuries of co-existence and cooperation, but also conflict and religious wars. More recently, tension has been fed by colonialism that denied rights and opportunities to many Muslims, and a Cold War in which Muslim-majority countries were too often treated as proxies without regard to their own aspirations. Moreover, the sweeping change brought by modernity and globalization led many Muslims to view the West as hostile to the traditions of Islam. (See pictures of people around the world watching Obama's inauguration.)

Violent extremists have exploited these tensions in a small but potent minority of Muslims. The attacks of September 11th, 2001 and the continued efforts of these extremists to engage in violence against civilians has led some in my country to view Islam as inevitably hostile not only to America and Western countries, but also to human rights. This has bred more fear and mistrust.

So long as our relationship is defined by our differences, we will empower those who sow hatred rather than peace, and who promote conflict rather than the cooperation that can help all of our people achieve justice and prosperity. This cycle of suspicion and discord must end.

I have come here to seek a new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world; one based upon mutual interest and mutual respect; and one based upon the truth that America and Islam are not exclusive, and need not be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and share common principles — principles of justice and progress; tolerance and the dignity of all human beings. (See pictures of Obama in the Middle East.)

I do so recognizing that change cannot happen overnight. No single speech can eradicate years of mistrust, nor can I answer in the time that I have all the complex questions that brought us to this point. But I am convinced that in order to move forward, we must say openly the things we hold in our hearts, and that too often are said only behind closed doors. There must be a sustained effort to listen to each other; to learn from each other; to respect one another; and to seek common ground. As the Holy Koran tells us, "Be conscious of God and speak always the truth." That is what I will try to do — to speak the truth as best I can, humbled by the task before us, and firm in my belief that the interests we share as human beings are far more powerful than the forces that drive us apart.

Part of this conviction is rooted in my own experience. I am a Christian, but my father came from a Kenyan family that includes generations of Muslims. As a boy, I spent several years in Indonesia and heard the call of the azaan at the break of dawn and the fall of dusk. As a young man, I worked in Chicago communities where many found dignity and peace in their Muslim faith.

As a student of history, I also know civilization's debt to Islam. It was Islam — at places like Al-Azhar University — that carried the light of learning through so many centuries, paving the way for Europe's Renaissance and Enlightenment. It was innovation in Muslim communities that developed the order of algebra; our magnetic compass and tools of navigation; our mastery of pens and printing; our understanding of how disease spreads and how it can be healed. Islamic culture has given us majestic arches and soaring spires; timeless poetry and cherished music; elegant calligraphy and places of peaceful contemplation. And throughout history, Islam has demonstrated through words and deeds the possibilities of religious tolerance and racial equality.

I know, too, that Islam has always been a part of America's story. The first nation to recognize my country was Morocco. In signing the Treaty of Tripoli in 1796, our second President John Adams wrote, "The United States has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion or tranquility of Muslims." And since our founding, American Muslims have enriched the United States. They have fought in our wars, served in government, stood for civil rights, started businesses, taught at our Universities, excelled in our sports arenas, won Nobel Prizes, built our tallest building, and lit the Olympic Torch. And when the first Muslim-American was recently elected to Congress, he took the oath to defend our Constitution using the same Holy Koran that one of our Founding Fathers — Thomas Jefferson — kept in his personal library.

So I have known Islam on three continents before coming to the region where it was first revealed. That experience guides my conviction that partnership between America and Islam must be based on what Islam is, not what it isn't. And I consider it part of my responsibility as President of the United States to fight against negative stereotypes of Islam wherever they appear.

But that same principle must apply to Muslim perceptions of America. Just as Muslims do not fit a crude stereotype, America is not the crude stereotype of a self-interested empire. The United States has been one of the greatest sources of progress that the world has ever known. We were born out of revolution against an empire. We were founded upon the ideal that all are created equal, and we have shed blood and struggled for centuries to give meaning to those words — within our borders, and around the world. We are shaped by every culture, drawn from every end of the Earth, and dedicated to a simple concept: E pluribus unum: "Out of many, one."
MARTHA'S MOVE
Share
Today at 8:52am | Edit Note | Delete
However brave and mature ,the move by Martha to step a side from the gvt.is not genuine and is rather based on some egocentric interests she is pursuing.We know that she defended Kibaki on the wrong to gain afterwords but instead got a donkey's kick or at first got a half loaf.And when the negotiations settled on power sharing,she was deliberately eying the premier position which was just an ambition to her.This made the husband less lawyer raise eye brows at Kibaki but her push was in vain and her appeals landed on deaf ears of the master.It is therefore too bitter for her to bear after fighting for this president with all the resources she had at disposal be it propaganda,legal matters and euphoria,name them,the so called disputed Kibaki does his national issues without considering she that made him the hero.Every body else want a share of the national cake and this is what brings about the wrangles in the grand corruption govt.,no I meant the coalition govt but the former makes a good objective adjective.Appointing senior govt leaders and top civil servants without giving karua a chance to fix in her close allies is putting salt on Karua's wounds and no normal person can bear this.
However, the move,were it genuine is a kind that should be adopted by the likes of Ruto, Raila,Anyang' and the rest-if they feel the govt. is not delivering and is rather authoritative let them vacate and let Kenyans give room for those willing to serve them.I wish Karua was going to say "Am paying my taxes from today".
raila follow the foot steps on a genuine ground and the rest shall follow-don't complain too much and yet you are wiling to step aside from the govt. you criticize.
I WANT RAILA TO QUIT AND SHOW HIS BRAVERY AND RATIONAL UTILITARIANISM CONCERN. "
DON'T INCRIMINATE ME ,I TALK AS A KENYAN BITING THE BULLET"

Tuesday, March 31, 2009

AM OUT


I start by a stride and soon to miles join me and remember to "KEEP THE PROMISE"



JIJUE JIJUE JIJUE


LEARN CIVIL ENGINEERING ON LINE

HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

High performance concrete is defined as concrete which meets special performance and uniformity requirements that cannot always be achieved routinely by using only conventional materials and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices. The requirements may involve enhancements of characteristics such as placement and compaction without segregation, long-term mechanical properties, early-age strength, toughness, volume stability, or service life in severe environments.
Examples of high performance concretes are:
1. High Workability Concrete
The workability of fresh concrete should be suitable for each specific application to ensure that the operations of handling, placing and compaction can be undertaken efficiently.

EN206 : BS8500 the European and UK standards for concretegives guidance on workabilitys for different uses.

The handling and placing properties of concrete mixes can be improved considerably by the use of cement replacement materials such as pulverised fuel ash or ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Further more, the use of admixtures such as water reducers and superplasticisers have beneficial effects on workability without compromising other concrete properties.

On site productivity can be greatly increased by utilising highly workable concretes. They are especially suitable in the following applications:

• inaccessible locations
• large flat areas
• underwater applications
• pumping concrete over long distances

Pumping
Pumping is one of the most popular techniques worldwide to transport fresh concrete. When placing large quantities of fresh concrete, piston pumps are generally used. Concrete is pushed alternately by two pistons acting in cylinders.


2.0 Self Compacting Concrete (SCC)
SCC has been described as "the most revolutionary development in concrete construction for several decades". Originally developed to offset a growing shortage of skilled labour, it has proved beneficial economically because of a number of factors, including:

• faster construction
• reduction in site manpower
• better surface finishes
• easier placing
• improved durability
• greater freedom in design
• thinner concrete sections
• reduced noise levels, absence of vibration
• safer working environment
Originally developed in Japan, SCC technology was made possible by the much earlier development of superplasticisers for concrete. SCC has now been taken up with enthusiasm across Europe, for both site and precast concrete work

3.0 Foamed Concrete
Foamed concrete is a highly workable, low-density material which can incorporate up to 50% entrained air. It is generally self-leveling, self-compacting and may be pumped. Foamed concrete is ideal for filling redundant voids such as disused fuel tanks, sewer systems, pipelines, and culverts - particularly where access is difficult. It is a recognised medium for the reinstatement of temporary road trenches. Good thermal insulation properties make foamed concrete also suitable for sub-screeds and filling under-floor voids.

4.0 High Strength Concrete
The definition of high strength concretes is continually developing. In the 1950s 34N was considered high strength, and in the 1960s compressive strengths of up to 52N were being used commercially. More recently, compressive strengths approaching 138N have been used in cast-in-place buildings.
High-strength concrete columns can hold more weight and therefore be made slimmer than regular strength concrete columns, which allows for more useable space, especially in the lower floors of buildings.
5.0 Lightweight Concrete
Lightweight concretes can either be Lightweight Aggregate concrete, Foamed concrete or Autoclaved Aerated concrete (AAC). Such lightweight concrete blocks are often used in house construction.
Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
Lightweight aggregate concrete can be produced using a variety of lightweight aggregates. Lightweight aggregates originate from either:

Natural materials like volcanic pumice
The thermal treatment of natural raw materials like clay, slate or shale i.e. Leca
Manufacture from industrial by-products such as fly ash, i.e. Lytag
Processing of industrial by-products like FBA or slag

The required properties of the lightweight concrete will have a bearing on the best type of lightweight aggregate to use. If little structural requirement, but high thermal insulation properties are needed, then a light, weak aggregate can be used. This will result in relatively low strength concrete.

Lightweight aggregate concretes can however be used for structural applications, with strengths equivalent to normal weight concrete.

The benefits of using lightweight aggregate concrete include:

• Reduction in dead loads making savings in foundations and reinforcement.
• Improved thermal properties.
• Improved fire resistance.
• Savings in transporting and handling precast units on site.
• Reduction in formwork and propping
6.0 Foamed Concrete
Foamed concrete is a highly workable, low-density material which can incorporate up to 50% entrained air. It is generally self-leveling, self-compacting and may be pumped. Foamed concrete is ideal for filling redundant voids such as disused fuel tanks, sewer systems, pipelines, and culverts - particularly where access is difficult. It is a recognised medium for the reinstatement of temporary road trenches. Good thermal insulation properties make foamed concrete also suitable for sub-screeds and filling under-floor voids.
7.0 No-fines Concrete
No-fines concrete is obtained by eliminating the fine material sand, from the normal concrete mix. The single sized coarse aggregates are surrounded and held together by a thin layer of cement paste giving strength of concrete.
The advantages of this type of concrete are lower density, lower cost due to lower cement content, lower thermal conductivity, relatively low drying shrinkage, no segregation and capillary movement of water, better insulating characteristics than conventional concrete because of the presence of large voids.
8.0 Sprayed Concrete
There are many applications where traditional formwork is not a suitable method of supporting concrete and so sprayed concretes can be used.
These applications include:
• Shell roofs and domes
• Retaining walls
• Piled wall facings
• Silo structures
• Diaphragm walls
• Blast proof structures
• Bank vaults
• Underground Construction
• Tunnel linings
• Free form structures such as those seen in theme parks
• Water Retaining Structures:
• Sea and river walls
• Reservoirs and dams
• Aqueducts
• Swimming pools

Other typical applications include where existing structures require maintenance and repair.
9.0 Water Resistant Concrete
Water resistant concretes are impermeable to water and other fluids either above or below ground. They are high density concretes that incorporate fine particle cement replacements.
10.0 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

AAC was first commercially produced in 1923 in Sweden. Since then, AAC construction systems such as masonry units, reinforced floor/roof and wall panels and lintels have been used on all continents and every climatic condition. AAC can also be sawn by hand, sculpted and penetrated by nails, screws and fixings
11.0 Roller Compacted Concrete
Roller compacted concrete, a durable paving material that carries heavy loads. It is now developing as a fast, economical construction method for dams, off-highway pavement projects, heavy-duty parking and storage areas, and as a base for conventional pavement. It is a stiff, no-slump concrete mixture with the consistency of damp gravel comprised of local aggregates or crushed recycled concrete, portland cement, and water. The mixture is placed and roller compacted with the same commonly available equipment used for asphalt pavement construction. The process requires no forms, finishing, surface texturing, or joint sawing and sealing.

Followers